What are the popular digital modes in amateur radio?

There are several popular digital modes in amateur radio, each with its own advantages and use cases. Some of the most popular digital modes include:

• FT8 and FT4: FT8 and FT4 are weak-signal digital modes designed for fast and efficient communication over long distances. They are particularly popular for DXing and are used extensively on HF bands. FT8 and FT4 transmissions are short and highly structured, making them ideal for high-speed, low-signal conditions.
• PSK31: PSK31 is a popular, low-bandwidth digital mode that allows for keyboard-to-keyboard communication in real-time. It uses phase shift keying (PSK) and is known for its efficiency and ease of use. PSK31 is widely used on HF bands for casual conversations and DXing.
• RTTY (Radio Teletype): RTTY is one of the oldest digital modes still in use, dating back to the early days of telegraphy. It uses frequency shift keying (FSK) to transmit text-based messages. RTTY is popular for contesting and DXing and is used mainly on HF bands.
• JT65 and JT9: JT65 and JT9 are weak-signal digital modes designed for long-distance communication on HF bands. They are particularly useful for low-power (QRP) operation and are used for DXing and Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communication. JT65 and JT9 transmissions are slower than FT8 and FT4, but they offer greater sensitivity and better performance in weak-signal conditions.
• Olivia: Olivia is a digital mode that provides robust, error-free communication even in challenging conditions, such as weak signals or high noise levels. It uses multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) and is often used for reliable long-distance communication on HF bands.
• PACTOR: PACTOR is a digital mode used primarily for sending and receiving email over the radio. It is commonly used by sailors and other remote operators who need to maintain reliable communication without relying on internet access. PACTOR combines aspects of packet radio and RTTY and is available in several different versions, each offering increased speed and efficiency.
• D-STAR, DMR, and Yaesu System Fusion: These are digital voice modes used on VHF and UHF bands. They provide clearer audio and additional features, such as text messaging and GPS data transmission. Each mode is associated with specific radio equipment and networks (D-STAR with Icom, DMR with Motorola, and Yaesu System Fusion with Yaesu).
• WSPR (Weak Signal Propagation Reporter): WSPR is a digital mode designed to analyze and report HF band propagation conditions. It uses low-power transmissions to exchange basic information, such as call signs and grid squares, enabling users to assess propagation paths and signal strength.

These digital modes offer various advantages, such as weak-signal performance, error correction, or low bandwidth requirements, catering to different aspects of amateur radio communication. By exploring and using these digital modes, you can expand your operating capabilities and enjoy a diverse range of communication options in the amateur radio hobby.